The Colt 1851 Navy revolver, a legendary firearm of the American Old West, holds a significant place in history. While originally a percussion cap pistol, its enduring popularity led to numerous conversions to utilize metallic cartridges, significantly extending its lifespan and relevance. This article delves into the fascinating history of the 1851 Navy Colt cartridge conversion, exploring the methods employed, the impact on its functionality, and the collector's market today.
The Rise and Fall (and Rise Again!) of the Percussion Cap Revolver
The Colt 1851 Navy, introduced in 1850, quickly gained popularity for its relatively lightweight design and powerful .36 caliber round ball. Its use in the American Civil War cemented its place in history and folklore. However, the percussion cap system, while effective, had its limitations. It was slower to reload, prone to misfires in adverse weather conditions, and less powerful than emerging cartridge technology. This paved the way for conversion to the more efficient and reliable cartridge system.
Conversion Methods: A Look at the Engineering
Several methods were employed to convert the 1851 Navy to fire cartridges. These weren't standardized factory conversions; rather, they represent a diverse range of gunsmithing ingenuity and adaptation over time:
1. Cylinder Conversion:
This was the most common method. Gunsmiths would typically bore out the cylinder chambers to accommodate a self-contained metallic cartridge. This often involved careful work to ensure the new chambers were properly aligned and the cylinder continued to rotate smoothly. The original nipple holes were often plugged. The level of craftsmanship varied greatly, affecting the accuracy and longevity of the converted revolver.
2. Conversion Cylinders:
Some conversions involved the creation of entirely new cylinders specifically designed for cartridges. These were often manufactured to higher standards than modifications to existing cylinders. These replacement cylinders could be easily swapped in and out, allowing the owner to switch between percussion cap and cartridge ammunition, maintaining the original functionality of the pistol.
3. Variations in Cartridge Caliber:
The conversion process didn't always stick to one specific cartridge caliber. Many conversions adapted the revolver to fire various cartridges, including .38 Short Colt, .38 Long Colt, and even some proprietary calibers specific to certain gunsmiths. This adds to the variety and complexity of identifying and valuing these converted revolvers today.
Impact on Performance and Handling
The cartridge conversion significantly altered the 1851 Navy's performance characteristics. The conversion generally resulted in increased power and improved accuracy compared to the original percussion cap version, due to the more efficient ignition and consistent bullet seating of self-contained cartridges. However, the increased recoil could impact handling, particularly for less experienced shooters. The accuracy also varied depending on the quality of the conversion work itself.
The 1851 Navy Colt Cartridge Conversion Today: Collector's Item and More
Today, the 1851 Navy Colt cartridge conversion holds a unique place in the firearms collector's market. Their value varies dramatically depending on the condition of the revolver, the quality of the conversion, its history (if known), and the specific cartridge caliber it uses. While some are meticulously restored, others retain the marks of their history, showcasing the craftsmanship (or sometimes the less-than-perfect attempts) of the gunsmiths who performed the conversions.
Finding well-documented examples is a true treasure for collectors. The variations in conversion methods and calibers make each pistol unique, adding to their allure and historical significance. While shooting these converted revolvers is certainly possible, it is vital to treat them with utmost care given their age and the often-modified components.
Conclusion: A Piece of American History Reimagined
The 1851 Navy Colt cartridge conversion represents a fascinating intersection of history and technology. It demonstrates the adaptability and ingenuity applied to a classic firearm, extending its life and utility far beyond its initial design. For collectors and enthusiasts alike, these converted revolvers offer a captivating glimpse into the past, providing tangible links to the legendary firearms that helped shape the American West. Their continued presence in the collector’s market speaks volumes about their lasting appeal and historical significance.
